The effect of Meloidogyne incognita on the histopathology of Momordica charantia roots

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) was inoculated with root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita to investigate the anatomical abnormalities in the affected roots. Soon after inoculation the second-stage juveniles (J2) entered at or near the root caps and migrated intercellularly towards the zone of vascular differentiation. Discrete giant cells were observed after three days of inoculation. The nematode induced hypertrophy and hyperplasia near the giant cells. After six days, the juveniles moulted to their third stage (J3). At the same, time giant cell size and density of giant cell cytoplasm increased. The continuity of vascular strands remained unaffected. Between 12 and 24 days of inoculation the giant cells enlarged several times and became multinucleate and enclosed dense and granular cytoplasm. The nematodes became almost pyriform 18 days after inoculation. The orientation of vascular strands changed, due to hypertrophy, hyperplasia and enlargement of the nematode. After 30 days of inoculation the nematodes developed into mature females and started egg laying. A large amount of parenchyma transformed into abnormal xylem.     

圈养大熊猫野化培训期的生境选择特征

大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国特有的珍稀物种,也是世界上最濒危的野生动物之一。为了将人工繁育的部分大熊猫个体重引入其历史分布区或复壮野生种群,中国保护大熊猫研究中心从2003年开始进行圈养大熊猫的野外放归工作,通过野化培训以提高圈养大熊猫适应和选择野外环境的能力。对野化培训大熊猫"淘淘"的生境选择研究表明:该野化培训大熊猫幼仔经常活动于新笋密度较大的区域[生境与对照:(2.68±1.14)对(1.58±0.66)],却避开成竹密度过大[(9.91±2.51)对(12.18±4.68)]、竹子较高[(4.57±1.09) m对(4.98±0.66) m]以及枯死竹过多[(2.52±0.86)对(3.39±1.33)]的区域;喜欢活动于离水源[(1.59±0.67)对(2.19±0.87)]和隐蔽场所较近[(5.37±2.14) m对(8.35±7.76)m],以及距离乔木较远[(3.09±0.69) m对(2.70±0.42) m]和郁闭度较低[(1.85±0.57)对(2.10±0.47)]的区域(P < 0.05),新笋密度大小是该栖息地在整个野化培训期间是否被利用的最重要因素。该野化培训大熊猫幼仔保持着与带仔母兽相近的生境选择特征,对竹子环境的选择也与卧龙野生大熊猫相似,野化培训对该大熊猫幼仔产生了积极的作用。野化培训大熊猫幼仔形成的家域和核域面积分别为9.21 hm² 和1.93 hm²,占野化培训圈面积的51.95%和10.89%,其中家域面积仅有卧龙野生大熊猫的1.4%-2.4%,所以在以后的野化培训过程中需要采取增加野化培训圈中环境丰富度等方式,促进野化培训大熊猫形成较大的家域面积。     

小相岭山系大熊猫大中型伴生兽类

本文总结了小相岭山系与大熊猫同域分布的大中型兽类的种类、主要遗留痕迹的鉴别特征以及对大熊猫的影响;统计了大熊猫伴生动物的样线遇见率,反映了不同伴生动物的相对数量。本文对进一步研究小相岭山系大熊猫的伴生动物,更好地保护大熊猫具有一定的参考价值。     

Physiological changes of premotor nonspiking interneurons in the central compensation of eyestalk posture following unilateral sensory ablation in crayfish

We investigated how the physiological characteristics and synaptic activities of nonspiking giant interneurons (NGIs), which integrate sensory inputs in the brain and send synaptic outputs to oculomotor neurons innervating eyestalk muscles, changed after unilateral ablation of the statocyst in order to clarify neuronal mechanisms underlying the central compensation process in crayfish. The input resistance and membrane time constant in recovered animals that restored the original symmetrical eyestalk posture 2 weeks after operation were significantly greater than those immediately after operation on the operated side whereas in non-recovered animals only the membrane time constant showed a significant increase. On the intact side, both recovered and non-recovered animals showed no difference. The frequency of synaptic activity showed a complex pattern of change on both sides depending on the polarity of the synaptic potential. The synaptic activity returned to the bilaterally symmetrical level in recovered animals while bilateral asymmetry remained in non-recovered ones. These results suggest that the central compensation of eyestalk posture following unilateral impairment of the statocyst is subserved by not only changes in the physiological characteristics of the NGI membrane but also the activity of neuronal circuits presynaptic to NGIs.     

野化培训大熊猫幼仔的食性转换

本文以2010—2020年15只母兽带仔野化培训的大熊猫幼仔为研究对象,基于红外视频监控系统观察和音频颈圈解译获得的行为资料、GPS颈圈跟踪定位采集的粪样数据,分析了野化培训大熊猫幼仔的行为发育进程和食性转换特征。结果表明：随着野化培训大熊猫幼仔的生长发育,与觅食和警戒相关的行为得到充分发育,且具有较强的时间关联性,包括食乳、爬行、走动、玩耍物品、爬树、咬玩竹子、饮水和采食竹子等。8 ~ 10月龄的大熊猫幼仔开始取食竹子,其发育性食性转换过程划分为3个阶段：食乳期 (1 ~ 7月龄)、食母乳—食竹子转换期 (8 ~ 28月龄) 和食竹期 (29 ~ 39月龄),其中转换期细分为关键期 (8 ~ 18月龄) 和过渡期 (19 ~ 28月龄)。从统计检验来看,不同食性阶段间差异显著;过渡期的大熊猫幼仔可离开母兽独立生活,此阶段大熊猫幼仔食物组分比例与食竹期相比无显著差异。野化培训大熊猫幼仔的季节性食性转换规律与带仔母兽和野生大熊猫具有相似的格局,即春季主要取食竹笋,夏、秋季则以嫩竹茎和竹叶为食,冬季采食竹叶与竹茎。     

不同年龄大熊猫肠道可培养芽孢杆菌的多样性及部分功能特性分析

【背景】大熊猫的肠道内微生物类群丰富,种群结构与宿主的年龄、生存环境、季节变化等因素有关,其中年龄是影响肠道菌群组成的重要因素之一。【目的】以不同年龄阶段的大熊猫粪便为研究对象,旨在了解不同年龄大熊猫肠道内芽孢杆菌的多样性,探究大熊猫肠道芽孢杆菌种类与年龄段之间的关系,并为优良益生菌剂的开发提供菌种资源。【方法】用稀释涂布法分离大熊猫粪便中的芽孢杆菌,对分离的菌株进行BOXA1R-PCR、16S rRNA基因系统发育及主成分分析,揭示大熊猫肠道中可培养芽孢杆菌的多样性;采用对峙生长法和药敏纸片琼脂扩散法分别检测菌株的抗菌能力和药敏性。【结果】从大熊猫粪便中共分离出90株芽孢杆菌,基于BOXA1R-PCR分析菌株的遗传多样性并从中选取41株代表菌株,经16Sr RNA基因测序分析后,结果显示归属于枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)、甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillusmethylotrophicus)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens)和短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)6个种;主成分分析结果表明大熊猫肠道芽孢杆菌种群组成与年龄存在一定的相关性。所有的供试菌株都具有纤维素降解潜力,大部分菌株对病原菌具有不同程度的抑制作用;除对青霉素具有耐药性外,供试菌株对常见的抗生素耐受性低。【结论】年龄是影响大熊猫肠道芽孢杆菌分布的重要因素,成年大熊猫肠道芽孢杆菌种类多样性最丰富,这为大熊猫益生菌制剂的开发提供了菌种资源。     

不同EGF和胰岛素水平对体外培养的大熊猫皮肤成纤维细胞的影响

用DME∶Ham sF12(1∶1)培养液,添加3个水平的EGF和2个水平的胰岛素,组合成6种培养体系(CS)分别培养大熊猫皮肤成纤维细胞。通过对细胞生长速度和染色体数目变异率进行测定,测得在添加10μg/ml的胰岛素和40 ng/ml的表皮生长因子的培养体系中,以1.673±0.185×105/ml密度接种细胞,经3.5天,密度达到6.890×105/ml,其生长速度最快;染色体数目为二倍体的百分率为75.77%。综合衡量,CS-5在本研究中更适合大熊猫皮肤成纤维细胞的培养。     

洞庭湖流域麋鹿等哺乳动物濒危灭绝原因的分析及其对麋鹿重引入的启示

洞庭湖流域曾有亚洲象(Elephasmaximus)、犀(Rhinocerossp.)、麋鹿(Elaphurusdavidianus)、川金丝猴(Rhinopithecusroxellana)、长臂猿(Hylobatessp.)、大熊猫(Ailuropodamelanoleuca)、梅花鹿(Cervusnippon)、棕熊(Ursusarctos)等哺乳动物分布,但受古气候、古地理以及人类活动的影响,这些哺乳动物已在洞庭湖流域灭绝。这些哺乳动物的濒危和灭绝既受自然环境变化和灾变的影响,也与物种本身生物学特性和人类活动有关,尤其与人类捕杀和生境丧失有关。据古籍记载分析:在洞庭湖流域,亚洲象和犀于北宋末期灭绝或已南迁,而野生麋鹿、大熊猫、川金丝猴、长臂猿、梅花鹿和棕熊等于19世纪末灭绝。根据我们对30个自然保护区或森林公园野生动物资源实地调查的结果,在洞庭湖流域已记录到21种国家重点保护哺乳动物,其中有5、6、10种哺乳动物分别处于“极危”、“濒危”、“易危”等级,这表明物种濒危的过程仍在继续。导致这些现生哺乳动物濒危的主要原因是生境丧失、人类猎捕、环境污染等,而人类活动干扰对现生濒危物种存活的影响越来越大。洞庭湖流域重引入麋鹿需采取人类协助生存策略:提供足够的且受洪水影响小的适宜生境、保证稳定的奠基者种群数量、减少人为干扰、调控种群密度、实施社区共管和生计替代项目、加强疾病防治、完善保护措施、加大保护基金投入、加强生境监测和湿地恢复等。     

大熊猫初生胎儿及幼仔组织器官的病理学研究

To elucidate the cause of prenatal and early postnatal death in giant panda, pathological studies have been carried out on paraffin-fixed tissue sections from two fetuses and four cubs. The fetuses appeared to have classical atrophic changes in lung and hemorrhage in multiple organs, whereas the cubs showed purulent inflmnmation in various organs, most profound in lung and umbilicus. Localized infusion of bacteria and neutrophils were identified in the focus. Acute enteritis and hepatitis were also observed, as well as purulent encephalitis in one case. Variable degrees of congestion, hemorrhage, denaturalization and putrescence were evident in heart, liver, spleen, kidney, intestines, and lymph nodes. The results indicated that the fetuses died from suffocation whereas the cubs died from infection.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for the red panda,Ailurus fulgens

We report on the isolation and characterization of 10 microsatellites in the red panda Ailurus fulgens from genomic DNA‐enriched libraries. Twenty‐one microsatellites were screened from the libraries, and 10 of the screened microsatellites were polymorphic. The number of observed alleles for each locus in 24 individuals ranged from three to 12, and the expected and observed heterozygosity was 0.60–0.90 and 0.50–1.00, respectively. These markers should prove a useful tool for the study of genetic variation in red panda in the future.